avium calves, as well. In contrast, greater expression of CD25 was observed on CD4+ and γδ TCR + T cells and natural killer cells for M. bovis calves. Overall, similarities in cellular immune responses were observed between the closely related MAP and M. avium during infection of calves. In contrast, significant differences were noted between calves infected with MAP and M. bovis. This suggests that host immune responses to different mycobacteria may impact interpretation of diagnostic tools based upon their cellular immunity.Studies focused on the ubiquitous emotion of sadness demonstrate substantial variability in physiological responses during sadness elicitation, with no consensus regarding the physiological pattern of sadness. Variability in findings could be attributed to (a) the use of different induction techniques across studies or (b) the existence of subtypes of sadness with distinct physiological activation patterns. Typically, studies have used text and film to elicit sadness. However, virtual reality (VR) confers advantages over more traditional methods by allowing individuals a subjective sense of "being there" or presence. We compared participants' physiological responses to the same narrative presented via VR, Film and Story (n = 20 each) and collected their subjective responses to the stimuli. Results confirmed that participants in all conditions experienced the discrete emotion of sadness. Moreover, participants in the VR condition experienced the highest degree of presence. Regarding psychophysiological responses, participants in the VR condition had the lowest degree of baseline-adjusted parasympathetic activation in comparison to participants in the Film condition. Furthermore, while participants in the VR group showed diminished baseline-adjusted respiration rate and parasympathetic activation with an increase in presence, the opposite pattern was true for participants in the other conditions. The data suggest that the VR condition may elicit an activating pattern of sadness; whereas Film and Story conditions may elicit a deactivating pattern of sadness. Our results have implications for research using the discrete model of emotion, highlighting that different emotion elicitation techniques may result in differing expressions of what is considered a unitary emotion.Soil fungal communities, consisting of a few abundant taxa but many rare taxa, play critical roles in terrestrial ecosystem functioning. However, little is known about ecological processes governing the assembly of abundant and rare sub-communities in response to agricultural intensification, which can threaten soil biodiversity. Here, we performed a regional-scale survey of soil fungal community assembly in different land-use types with an increasing gradient of agricultural intensity, i.e., open field cultivation of main crops (CF) or vegetables (VF), and greenhouse cultivation of vegetables (VG). Results showed that greenhouse cultivation decreased the alpha diversity and spatial turnover rate of soil fungal community. The abundant sub-community was more sensitive to land-use conversion than the rare sub-community. Partitioning the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity found that balanced variation in abundance (i.e., the substitution of individuals by the same number of individuals of a different species), rather than abundance gradients (i.e., one assemblage is a subset of another), accounted for the major shift in fungal beta diversity. Moreover, greenhouse cultivation reduced potential inter-species interactions, and the rare sub-community plays an important role in fungal co-occurrence network. Conversions from CF to VF or VG promoted deterministic processes, which was, to a large extent, associated with changes in soil physicochemical properties. However, conversion from VF to VG decreased deterministic processes. Compared with the rare sub-community, the abundant sub-community with wider niche breadths was more influenced by stochastic processes. Changes in the assembly processes induced by land-use conversion differed between abundant and rare sub-communities. Overall, abundant and rare sub-communities exhibited differential responses to land-use conversion and rare taxa might play a crucial role in maintaining the stability of fungal community.The connection among genome expression, proteome alteration, metabolism regulation and phenotype change under environmental stresses is very vague. It is a tough task for the traditional research approaches to reveal the related scientific mechanisms of the above connection at molecular and systematic levels. Proteomics approach is an insightful tool for revealing the biological functions, metabolic networks and functional protein interaction networks of cells and organisms under stresses at the systematic level. The purpose of this review is to provide an insightful guideline on how to set up a proteomic investigation for revealing biomolecule mechanisms, protein biomarkers and metabolism networks related to stress response, pollutant recognition, transport and biodegradation, and providing an insightful high-throughput approach for screening functional enzymes and effective microbes based on bioinformatics and functional verification method. Furthermore, the toxicity evaluation of pollutants and byproducts by proteomics approaches provides a scientific insight for early diagnosis of ecological risk and determination of the effectiveness of pollutant treatment techniques.Soils are among the most densely inhabited and biodiverse habitats on our planet, and many important soil ecosystem services depend on the health condition of the native soil fauna. Anthropogenic stress such as chemical pollution acting on the native soil fauna might jeopardize these functions. compound library chemical Laboratory microcosm tests are an appropriate tool for assessing the risk of chemicals on the native soil fauna and can be regarded as intermediate tier tests, bridging the gap between single species toxicity tests and field testing. Nematodes are one of the most abundant and divers soil invertebrates, and as such native nematode communities might be suitable for ecotoxicological assessments in laboratory microcosm set ups. In order to test such a small-scale (30 g soil) microcosm system, two different chemicals (zinc and pyrene) were assessed in various soil types for their effects on the respective native nematode communities. Various community parameters such as total nematode density, genus richness and genus composition, as well as trait-related indices (e.