active or chronic exacerbated forms of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection subsequently progress to liver disease and human defensins has been determined to have some level of anti-viral properties invitro whilst the expression of T helper-1 cytokines is known to promote complete recovery from acute HCV infection. The study sought to determine relationship between these immune responses. a cross sectional descriptive study design was employed. Hundred and thirty-two individuals were assessed were assessed for to anti-HCV, HCV RNA, serum levels of human alpha defensins 1 (HAD-1) and human beta defensins 1 (HBD-1). T helper 1 cytokines (IL-2, IFN gamma, TNF alpha) secreted in serum were also analyzed using commercial ELISA assay. The study was conducted in Kumasi, Obuasi and Daboya in Ghana. the serum mean concentrations of HAD-1, HBD-1, IL-2, IFN gamma and TNF alpha showed no significant difference in concentrations among participants with chronic, spontaneously recovered or negative to HCV infection (p>0.05). Persons with hepatitis B co-infection were more likely to develop chronic HCV infection (p=0.039). HAD-1 and HBD-1 showed significant positive association with IL-2 (p=0.000) whilst only HAD-1 positively correlated with IL-2 (p<0.000). the immunological markers determined had no association with the status of HCV infection. HAD-1 increased with increasing levels of IL-2. These findings suggest that during HCV infection, inflammatory response through the production of cytokines by IL-2 cells may affect the release of HAD-1 and HBD-1.the immunological markers determined had no association with the status of HCV infection. Nivolumab HAD-1 increased with increasing levels of IL-2. These findings suggest that during HCV infection, inflammatory response through the production of cytokines by IL-2 cells may affect the release of HAD-1 and HBD-1.Lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of malignant tumours of the haematopoietic system characterized by an aberrant proliferation of mature lymphoid cells or their precursors and mainly represented by non-Hodgkin´s lymphomas (NHL). The aim of this paper was to report two cases of NHLs with mandibular locations by detailing their different clinical, radiological, and histopathological aspects, as well as the approach followed to diagnose these diseases and to provide patients with the appropriate therapeutic management. The first case is about a 72-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with a large B-cell lymphoma while the second one concerns a 16-year-old male patient who was diagnosed with a Burkitt's lymphoma. These observations represent the two highly aggressive known NHLs according to the WHO classification. The mandibular locations of these diseases are rare and represent only 0.6% of all the reported cases. It is important to note that only a deep and good quality tumour biopsy can provide a diagnosis of certainty. The reference treatment is medical consisting in the introduction of chemo-immunotherapy. As oral surgeons, we have an important role in the early diagnosis of these malignancies and in the patient's referral to specialized care in order to get the appropriate treatment. due to increasing coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), more women living with HIV have improved health condition which also increases their chances of getting pregnant. However, the knowledge about pregnancy among women receiving ART in resource-constrained settings, like Ethiopia, is limited. The aim was to assess factors associated with pregnancy among women living with HIV in Ethiopia. a retrospective cohort study from 2005 through 2013 including a total of 809 women aged 15-49 years on ART was used. The study was conducted in eight hospitals and health centers in two regions of Ethiopia. The data was collected between March and June of 2014 from patients´ pre-ART and ART registers by trained nurses, assisted by data entry clerks and supervised by senior physicians. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to examine the probability of becoming pregnant. Factors associated with pregnancy were presented with hazard ratios with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). a total of 8 higher probability of becoming pregnant during HIV treatment. This suggests the need for integrating reproductive health services into HIV care services to meet the needs of women on ART. surgical treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) in elderly patients has improved, but data on the tolerability and benefits of adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy in this growing population remains scarce. we conducted a retrospective study to compare chemotherapy-associated toxicities in CRC patients aged < 70 years and ≥ 70 years at Tygerberg Hospital (South Africa). We also assessed tumor-related mortality, progression free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) including predictive factors of OS. a total of 50 patients received either adjuvant or palliative chemotherapy. There was no difference in overall toxicity between the two groups. Out of the 50 patients, 8 (16%) had Grade 3-4 toxicity. 4 of these patients made up 15% of the < 70 years age group, whereas the other 4 made up 17% of the ≥ 70 years age group. The mean follow-up time was 47.5 months (95% CI 41.5 - 53.5 months). The 5-year over-all survival rate for stage II and III patients < 70 years and ≥ 70 years were 80.9% and 69.5%, respectively, and not significantly different (P = 0.52). Furthermore, the 5-year progression-free survival rates of the < 70 and ≥ 70 age groups were 70.7% and 58.8%, respectively, and also not statistically significantly different (P = 0.49). For stage IV patients, there were no significant differences in survival between the two age groups. the benefits from adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy for elderly CRC patients are similar to that of younger patients. Therefore, standardized adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy is recommended for elderly patients.the benefits from adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy for elderly CRC patients are similar to that of younger patients. Therefore, standardized adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy is recommended for elderly patients.