The longitudinal resistance was also found to be affected by the carrier density. The magnetoresistance was enhanced when n- and p-type carriers coexisted on the top and bottom surfaces. In particular, the magnetoresistance was quantitatively shown to increase when the densities of n- and p-type carriers were similar. This study is the first to quantitatively analyze the conduction in Sn-BSTS in the presence of multiple types of carriers. Our findings pave the way for a quantitative understanding of transport phenomena in topological insulators.In proton-based radiotherapy, proton radiography could allow for direct measurement of the water-equivalent path length (WEPL) in tissue, which can then be used to determine relative stopping power (RSP). Additionally, proton radiographs allow for imaging in the beam's-eye-view. In this work, a proton radiography technique using a flat-panel imager and a pencil-beam scanning (PBS) system is demonstrated in phantom. Proton PBS plans were delivered on a Varian ProBeam system to a flat-panel imager. Each proton plan consisted of energy layers separated by 4.8 MeV, and a field size of 25 cm × 25 cm. All measured data is binned into a layer-by-layer delivery in post processing. To build a calibration curve correlating detector response to WEPL, the plans were delivered to slabs of solid water of increasing thickness. Pixel-by-pixel detector response in the time/energy domain is then fit as a function of WEPL. Tissue equivalent phantoms are imaged for evaluation of WEPL accuracy. A spatial resolution phantom and a head phantom are also imaged. For all experiments, the detector was run with an effective pixel size of 0.4 mm × 0.4 mm. The proposed method reconstructed RSP with mean errors of 2.65%, -0.14%, and 0.61% for lung, soft tissue, and bone, respectively. In a 40 mm thick spatial resolution phantom, a 2 mm deep pinhole with 1 mm diameter can be seen. The accuracy and spatial resolution of the method show that it could be implemented for patient position verification. Further development could lead to patient-specific verification of RSP to be used for treatment guidance.Triangular lattice models for pattern formation by hard-core soft-shell particles at interfaces are introduced and studied in order to determine the effect of the shell thickness and structure. In model I, we consider particles with hard-cores covered by shells of cross-linked polymeric chains. In model II, such inner shell is covered by a much softer outer shell. In both models, the hard cores can occupy sites of the triangular lattice, and nearest-neighbor repulsion following from overlapping shells is assumed. The capillary force is represented by the second or the fifth neighbor attraction in model I or II, respectively. Ground states with fixed chemical potential $\mu$ or with fixed fraction of occupied sites $c$ are thoroughly studied. For $T>0$, the $\mu(c)$ isotherms, compressibility and specific heat are calculated by Monte Carlo simulations. In model II, 6 ordered periodic patterns occur in addition to 4 phases found in model I. These additional phases, however, are stable only at the phase coexistence lines at the $(\mu,T)$ diagram, which otherwise looks like the diagram of model I. In the canonical ensemble, these 6 phases and interfaces between them appear in model II for large intervals of $c$, and the number of possible patterns is much larger than in model I. We calculated line tensions for different interfaces, and found that the favorable orientation of the interface corresponds to its smoothest shape in both models.The present study investigates the piezoresistive property of poly-crystalline MoS2 film for strain sensing applications. The gauge factor (GF) of flexible MoS2 device (MoS2/PET) has been calculated to be 102±5 in the stress ranging from ~7 MPa to ~14 MPa. In addition, to improve the sensing stress range, the flexible strain sensors are encapsulated by SU-8. Moreover, the effect of encapsulation layer thickness is reflected in the GF, which attributed to the shifting of the neutral axis. However, the calculated GF is constant in higher stress range, 80±2 and 12±1 for 2 μm and 10 μm thick SU-8, respectively. Herein, we have reported a cost-effective and scalable approach to fabricate large-area poly-crystalline MoS2 based flexible sensors for a wider stress range. The encapsulated devices remained undistorted and intact for stress values beyond 14 MPa. Further, we have demonstrated the durability test of the fabricated sensors with body movements such as hand gestures for all the three types of strain sensors.Facile synthesis of novel rGO-supported AgI decorated TiO2 mesocrystals (AgI-TMCs-rGO) and their photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation are reported. The catalysts were prepared by combining the hydrothermal reaction process and in situ deposition-precipitation method. The structural features and chemical compositions of the prepared catalysts were investigated by HRTEM (high resolution transmission electron microscopy), XRD (x-ray powder diffraction), Raman spectra, XPS (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), UV-vis DRS (UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra), PLS (photoluminescence spectra), and N2 physisorption measurements. The AgI-TMCs-rGO catalysts featured a large surface area, high adsorption capacity, enhanced photo-induced charge separation and strong absorbance of visible light. The intimate contact of various components and the fast transfer of charge carriers effectively suppresses photolysis of AgI and favors the structural stability of AgI-TMCs-rGO. The photocatalytic activity of the catalysts was evaluated by degrading Rhodamine B (RhB) in an aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. The highest photocatalytic activity was observed in the sample 20%Ag-TMCs-rGO, attributed to the synergistic effects of a lower band gap and a lowerrecombination rate of the charge carriers, along with the larger surface area of the fabricated sample.Objective Hand movement is a crucial function for humans' daily life. Developing brain-machine interface (BMI) to control a robotic hand by brain signals would help the severely paralyzed people partially regain the functional independence. Previous intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG)-based BMIs towards gesture decoding mostly used neural signals from the primary sensorimotor cortex while ignoring the hand movement related signals from posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Here, we propose combining iEEG recordings from PPC with that from primary sensorimotor cortex to enhance the gesture decoding performance of iEEG-based BMI. AZD5991 Approach Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) signals from 25 epilepsy subjects were recorded when they performed a three-class hand gesture task. Across all 25 subjects, we identified 524, 114 and 221 electrodes from three regions of interest (ROIs), including PPC, postcentral cortex (POC) and precentral cortex (PRC), respectively. Based on the time-varying high gamma power (55-150 Hz) of SEEG signal, both the general activation in the task and the fine selectivity to gestures of each electrode in these ROIs along time was evaluated by the coefficient of determination r2.