Since 2015, seven patients have been treated with this method without complications. On average, SA muscle movement was detected in voluntary biting at 3.1 months, and spontaneous smiling occurred 7.7 months after surgery. All patients developed a spontaneous natural smile. This method for established facial paralysis has the potential to improve the quality of the reconstructed smile and the unstable results of conventional single-innervation-single-muscle transfer. In the 20 years since the publication of John Verano's foundational paper "Advances in Paleopathology of Andean South America," paleopathological and bioarchaeological investigations of human skeletal remains in the region have increased dramatically. Today, primary foci have grown to span the identification of disease, detailed reconstructions of biocultural interactions, embodied social experiences, and ancient living worlds. In this special issue, more than a dozen scholars reflect on the state of developments in the scientific analyses of ancient disease, life, and society across the region. For this introductory article, we frame the current state of Andean paleopathology by reviewing key historical contributions beginning in the last century. More recent trends since 1997 are defined via a meta-analysis of the literature. We then highlight current innovations and consider future directions of study. We then close with an overview of the papers comprising this special issue. Each article explores major theoretical, topical, and methodological advances that have transpired since 1997 and charts the course for the next two decades of work - with implications and insights that transcend the Andes and speak to key paleopathological issues around the world. BACKGROUND An intramedullary augmentation technique using a titanium cage with different types of hardware can be considered a new option in the management of proximal humeral fractures. This study aimed to report the perioperative, early, and late complications of proximal humeral fractures using the intramedullary augmentation technique. METHODS From 2005 to 2017, 142 displaced proximal humeral fractures were treated in the same unit by the aforementioned technique. Perioperative, early, and late complications were evaluated in all patients. Clinical evaluation was performed according to the Constant and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores. Only 115 patient records could be considered to have long-term follow-up (7-12 years). RESULTS Extra-articular migrations of K-wires, plate cutout, and screw penetration were not observed. A transitory axillary nerve palsy with inferior humeral head subluxation was observed in 41 patients (29.8%). Of the 142 patients, 2 (1.4%) manifested early signs of infection, and 1 underwent a reoperation after 30 days. Complete bone healing was obtained at a mean of 3.5 months in 140 of 142 shoulders (98.6%). We achieved long-term follow-up on only 115 patients because 14 had died, 6 lived abroad, and 7 could not participate due to illness. The results were good or excellent in 99 patients (86%), fair in 12 (10.4%), and poor in 4 (3.4%). K-wires were removed in 15 of 79 patients (11.5%). Nonunion or malunion occurred in 1 patient (0.8%). Asymptomatic avascular necrosis developed in 8 patients (6.9%) after 5 years, and secondary glenohumeral osteoarthritis occurred in 6 (5.2%). CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative and postoperative analyses with short-, medium-, and long-term outcomes show that the intramedullary augmentation technique improves fracture treatment with significantly good anatomic reconstruction in complex and unstable cases. The bone healing rate is significantly high, and the technique is associated with a significantly low percentage of complications. BACKGROUND Early starting of migraine seems predictive for less favorable outcome in later ages, however follow-up investigations are very few and all with short-term prospective period. We report here the longest follow-up study in a population of children presenting with migraine under the age of 6. METHODS We followed-up 74 children under 6 years of age, referred for headache to our department between 1997 and 2003. The study was carried out between October 2016 and March 2018. Headache diagnoses were made according to the IHS criteria. RESULTS 23/74 patients, 31% of the original cohort, were found at follow-up in a period ranging between 15 to 21 years after the first visit. Seven of them were headache free. The remaining 16 patients had migraine. check details In the migraine group, the localization of pain changed in 75% of the subjects, 11/16 (68.7%) had allodynia and 9/16 (56.25%) had cranial autonomic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the onset of migraine at very young age represents unfavorable prognostic factor for persistence of the disease at later ages. Some clinical features may change during clinical course, and the active persistence of the disorder may lead to an increase in allodynia. Proper progression throughout the cell division cycle depends on the expression level of a family of proteins known as cyclins, and the subsequent activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). Among the numerous members of the mammalian cyclin family, only a few of them, cyclins A, B, C, D and E, are known to display critical roles in the cell cycle. These functions will be reviewed here with a special focus on their relevance in different cell types in vivo and their implications in human disease. Carotenoids serve as one of the most important group of naturally-occurring lipid-soluble pigments which exhibit great biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and provitamin A activities. Owing to their advantageous health effects, carotenoids are widely applied in various industries. Microbial carotenoids synthesis therefore has attracted increasing attention in recent years. In the present study, a marine microorganism originally isolated from seawater in northern Taiwan was determined to be a strain of Gordonia terrae based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence. The strain G. terrae TWRH01 has the ability to synthesize and accumulate the intracellular pigments was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The biochemical production characteristics of this strain were studied by employing different fermentation strategies. Findings suggested that G. terrae TWRH01 can actively grow and efficiently synthesize carotenoids in medium adjusted to pH 7 containing 16 g L-1 sucrose as the carbon source, 16 g L-1 yeast extract as the nitrogen source, 0.