The research on the effects of the hormonal composition of breast milk on the growth rate of infants who are breastfed has attracted the interest of the world scientific community. In recent years, fundamentally new scientific directions have been formed, based on the theory of "food programming", and nutrigenetic research has been developed. An important impetus in the development of modern pediatric nutritional science is the introduction of new approaches based on the achievements of nutritional metabolomics, nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics, digital technologies, and innovations in the field of food production. Nowadays children's nutrition in our country has confidently developed into an independent scientific direction, its main sections have been clearly identified prenatal nutrition; infant and toddler nutrition; nutrition of preschool and school-age children; epidemiology of child nutrition; technologies for the production of infant and baby food and its safety.The assessment of the individual dietary intake of the population acquired critical importance in the Russian Federation when implementing socio-economic reforms in the 1990s. This was due to the difficulties of the transition period from a planned economy to market relations, which was reflected in a decrease in the level of the socio-economic condition of the population. The purpose of this study was to analyze objective and reliable information about the nature of consumption of nutrients and energy, as well as food products by the adult population of Russia in the period 1994-2018. Material and methods. The paper analyzes and summarizes the results of sample surveys of household budgets conducted by the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) in 1991-2018 and of large-scale epidemiological studies of the actual dietary intake of the population of the Russian Federation, which are presented by the data of the "Russian Longitudnal Monitoring Surveys" (RLMS) in 1994-2012 and large-scale nutrition surveys arbohydrates, which contribute to weight gain and an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. The dependence of the structure of the diet on the economic situation of the family has been established, which implies the problem of malnutrition, both general malnutrition and insufficient intake of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), in poor families. Conclusion. An assessment of the current nutritional status of the Russian population implies a double burden of disruption, determined both by the simultaneous presence of malnutrition problems and the increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity.Preclinical physiological and biochemical studies of the effectiveness of the tested biologically active substances in the conditions of simulated pathology in laboratory animals are an important stage preceding the assessment of the clinical effectiveness of the created specialized foods for therapeutic or preventive nutrition. The aim of this work is a brief review of the developed algorithm for preclinical assessment of the effectiveness of specialized foods, which includes a set of sequential stages of testing the safety, stability, bioavailability and effectiveness of biologically active substances in experiments on laboratory animals. Results. selleck inhibitor The paper presents a brief review of methodological approaches for in vivo preclinical assessment of the effectiveness of minor plant biologically active substances - polyphenols from bilberry fruits and leaves and phytoecdysteroids extracted from spinach. A beneficial effect of bilberry leaves' polyphenols on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of male Zucker and Wve substances as functional food ingredients in the composition of the specialized food products depends on the reproducibility of pathological processes (clinical, biochemical and morphological disorders) characteristic for the studied disease on the selected in vivo model.А systemic assessment of the state of the human intestinal microbiome was carried out in relation to its function in the macroorganism, aimed at providing the nutriome, and the factors that determine the adequate nutritional status. A new concept of "reference gut microbiome of a healthy person" was postulated and the requirements to it were formulated interaction with the host according to the principle of mutualism, provision of immune balance with the macroorganism due to the correct formation of mucosal immunity, implementation of metabolic and regulatory functions without losses for the nutriome. A set of characteristics and biomarkers reflecting the taxonomic composition and population properties of the microbial community, as well as the state of its essential immune and metabolic functions, was proposed as a criterion for its assessment in healthy adults who consume a diet balanced in nutritive and energy value, appropriate for age and energy spending. The influence of alimentary factors on the formation of the human intestinal microbiome in early ontogenesis, the nature of dysbiotic shifts, including those under common non-infectious alimentary-dependent diseases (obesity, food allergy, urolithiasis), in Russians were studied, the ways of their correction and maintenance of the intestinal microbiota in the process of life were substantiated taking into account modern knowledge.One of the essential parts of fundamental research in Nutrition Science is the determination of the physiological requirements of humans for energy and food substances. Research that has been carried out in this area over the past 90 years, consistently develops and improves the norms of physiological requirements for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation. In the 50 years of the last century in this research field, determining the values of daily intake for macronutrients (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates), was in the first place. Then the Era of micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, trace elements) was started, and, finally, now there is the Era of minor food biologically active substances. More and more facts are accumulating about their leading role in regulating metabolism. They can be recognized as endogenous regulators, the primary vital components involved in the formation of human health. In recent years, the new definition of Nutriome is introduced into Nutrition Science.