Rather, it appears that salient direction cues (e.g., gaze direction, body orientation, arrows) hamper systematic search and impede efficient interpretation, when distractor pairs are arranged back-to-back.We investigated visual working memory (VWM) with a whole-report task, where participants were asked to sequentially recall all the items in an order either chosen by themselves (free recall) or randomly chosen by the computer (forced recall). Comparisons between free and forced recalls helped us understand important but largely neglected aspects of VWM, such as inhomogeneity (different levels of precision) and between-item interference. One unique part of our task was the introduction of a separate item-selection stage before each recall, during which participants located the next item to recall. Their mouse trajectory was recorded and served as a dynamic measure of between-item interference over time. We found a free-recall benefit the overall precision of all items is higher in free recall than in forced recall. Meanwhile, during item-selection, free recall is associated with faster localization of the target and less interference from the other items in memory. We also found evidence for inhomogeneity and discuss the connection of inhomogeneity and between-item interference to the free-recall benefit.Water security represents ecological security and a policy priority for sustainable development; however, un-gridded assessment results cannot be used to support urban environmental management decisions. This study proposes a systematic framework to obtain a gridded regional water security assessment, which reflects the regional natural resource, based on the index system derived from the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model and the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model. The results were applied to sustainable water management. Using 15 key cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region as a case study to apply the methodology, we found that the comprehensive water security was relatively high and high-value areas were widely distributed, accounting for about two-thirds of the study area. Low-value areas were mainly distributed in central and eastern regions, such as Shanghai, Suzhou, and Nanjing. There was evidence of a water resource shortage during the twelve-month period studied, particularly in August. The proportions of comprehensive water security in each administrative unit and the differences between simulated and target water quality could be used in the spatial planning and the exploration of payments for ecosystem services (PES) mechanism in county-level or smaller administrative units. Despite the premise requirement and the grid resolution problems of the InVEST model, it can be concluded that our assessment method proves capable of matching spatial and temporal differences in water supply and demand at a fine scale, and results can be used to supply useful information for urban management decision making.Maintaining quantity and quality is a primary concern in the supply of drinking water. One critical indicator of water quality is nonpoint sources (NPS) pollution. However, persistent risks regarding water quality maintenance have often resulted from compounded social dynamics occurring within and between institutions, while solutions tend to concentrate on scientific/technological treatments. The present study aims to analyse the social dynamics operating within and between such institutions, with a particular focus on the management of NPS pollution that involves the participation of headwater residents. A qualitative case study was conducted on the management of the headwater in Taipei metropolis. The study applied Bourdieu's field theory to understand the mechanism of social interaction and diverse interests among stakeholders. Through in-depth interviews with stakeholders, this research investigated their perceptions regarding various water quality threats and treatments, also mechanisms and gaps in the implementation of NPS pollution-related policies. The study then interpreted emerging issues by considering the stakeholders' various forms of capital input, their strategies in capital exchange and accumulation, as well as the diverse symbolic powers in water quality governance. The research indicates that the ambiguous character of NPS pollution leads to diverse perceptions towards water quality risk, and the ambivalent strategies in negotiation also create barriers to stable stakeholder relationships. Consequently, the research suggests that technocratic-centred governance should also contain sociological perspectives on personal mentality and power dynamic in the society.Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production industry globally and is considered to have the greatest potential to meet the growing demand for seafood and being a solution to overfishing. Despite the benefits of aquaculture, the rapid growth and intensification of production (so-called conventional aquaculture) has raised concerns about food safety, fish welfare, and environmental and social issues stemming from a tragedy of the commons. These concerns need to be addressed to enable sustainable aquaculture development. While the negative environmental impacts of aquaculture have been evaluated using physical and chemical indicators, the social acceptance has not been fully considered when evaluating aquaculture sustainability. With this backdrop, our study investigates knowledge and beliefs towards shrimp aquaculture development among two key stakeholder groups in Vietnam the public and producers (shrimp farmers). M344 inhibitor Our results show that stakeholders were concerned about the social and environmental impacts of conventional shrimp aquaculture, although the different stakeholder groups emphasized different aspects. The public believed biodiversity loss and the overuse of antibiotics and pesticides to be more problematic compared to producers, who believed water quality and disease outbreaks were the main problems facing the industry. Following on from this, most respondents perceived sustainable aquaculture production positively, implying social acceptability for its development. Awareness of and knowledge about sustainable aquaculture positively and significantly affected stakeholders' support for expansion, suggesting that communication and education may be effective tools for improving social acceptance of aquaculture.