The use of recombinant Prx1 or Prx2 can be an efficient approach for the prevention and treatment of renal I/R injury.Oral delivery is considered as the most preferred and yet most challenging mode of drug administration; especially a fragile and sensitive peptide like insulin that shows extremely low bioavailability through the gastro-intestinal (GIT) route. Idelalisib order To address this problem, we have designed a novel drug delivery system (DDS) using precipitation-induced Barium (Ba) salt particles. The DDS can load insulin molecules and transport them through the GIT route. There were several in vitro simulation tests carried out to prove the efficiency of Ba salt particles as oral delivery candidates. All three Ba salt particles (BaSO4, BaSO3, and BaCO3) showed very good loading of insulin (>70% in all formulations) and a degree of resistance throughout a wide range of pHs from basic to acidic conditions when assessed by spectrophotometry. Particles and insulin-associated particles were morphologically assessed and characterized using FE-SEM and FT-IR. A set of tests were designed and carried out with mucin to predict whether the pael started to show a slight rise at 3rd h and by 4th h, it was back to baseline level. However, although BaSO3 particles with loaded insulin showed a trend of reduction in blood glucose level, the reduction was not found to be significant (p less then 0.05) at any point in time. Therefore, oral formulations of insulin/BaSO4 and insulin/BaCO3 particles were observed as effective as native insulin aspart subcutaneous formulation in terms of onset and duration of action. Further investigation will be needed to reveal bioavailability and mechanism of action of this novel Nano-Insulin formulations.Protein post-translational modification (PTM) is a reversible process, which can dynamically regulate the metabolic state of cells through regulation of protein structure, activity, localization or protein-protein interactions. Actinomycetes are present in the soil, air and water, and their life cycle is strongly determined by environmental conditions. The complexity of variable environments urges Actinomycetes to respond quickly to external stimuli. In recent years, advances in identification and quantification of PTMs have led researchers to deepen their understanding of the functions of PTMs in physiology and metabolism, including vegetative growth, sporulation, metabolite synthesis and infectivity. On the other hand, most donor groups for PTMs come from various metabolites, suggesting a complex association network between metabolic states, PTMs and signaling pathways. Here, we review the mechanisms and functions of PTMs identified in Actinomycetes, focusing on phosphorylation, acylation and protein degradation in an attempt to summarize the recent progress of research on PTMs and their important role in bacterial cellular processes.The Sado wrinkled frog Glandirana susurra has recently been classified as a new frog species endemic to Sado Island, Japan. In this study, we cloned 12 cDNAs encoding the biosynthetic precursors for brevinin-2SSa-2SSd, esculentin-2SSa, ranatuerin-2SSa, brevinin-1SSa-1SSd, granuliberin-SSa, and bradykinin-SSa from the skin of G. susurra. Among these antimicrobial peptides, we focused on brevinin-2SSb, ranatuerin-2SSa, and granuliberin-SSa, using their synthetic replicates to examine their activities against different reference strains of pathogenic microorganisms that infect animals and plants. In broth microdilution assays, brevinin-2SSb displayed antimicrobial activities against animal pathogens Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans and plant pathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, and Pyricularia oryzae. Ranatuerin-2SSa and granuliberin-SSa were active against C. albicans and C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, and granuliberin-SSa also was active against the other plant pathogenic microbes. Scanning electron microscopic observations demonstrated that brevinin-2SSb, ranatuerin-2SSa, and granuliberin-SSa induced morphological abnormalities on the cell surface in a wide range of the reference pathogens. To assess the bacterial-endotoxin-binding ability of the peptides, we developed an enzyme-linked endotoxin-binding assay system and demonstrated that brevinin-2SSb and ranatuerin-2SSa both exhibited high affinity to lipopolysaccharide and moderate affinity to lipoteichoic acid.JNK is a protein kinase, which induces transactivation of c-jun. The three isoforms of JNK, JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, are encoded by three distinct genes. JNK1 and JNK2 are expressed ubiquitously throughout the body. By contrast, the expression of JNK3 is limited and observed mainly in the brain, heart, and testes. Concerning the biological properties of JNKs, the contribution of upstream regulators and scaffold proteins plays an important role in the activation of JNKs. Since JNK signaling has been described as a form of stress-response signaling, the contribution of JNK3 to pathophysiological events, such as stress response or cell death including apoptosis, has been well studied. However, JNK3 also regulates the physiological functions of neurons and non-neuronal cells, such as development, regeneration, and differentiation/reprogramming. In this review, we shed light on the physiological functions of JNK3. In addition, we summarize recent advances in the knowledge regarding interactions between JNK3 and cellular reprogramming.We used a transcriptomic approach to interrogate the effects of a saline-accommodated fraction from the Macondo 252 well (MC252) oil and Corexit dispersants on lung tissue. Wild-type C57BL/6 male and female mice were exposed on days 0, 7 and 13 by oropharyngeal aspiration to saline accommodated fractions (SAF) of crude oil from the Macondo (MC252) well, Corexit 9500, Corexit 9527, 9500+oil and 9527+oil or a saline solution as the vehicle control. These treatments did not cause overt toxicity, with the exception of the Corexit exposures which caused brief weight loss after the first exposure. On day 14, total RNA was isolated from the left lung for RNA-seq analyses. KEGG-pathway-based differential expression revealed that Corexit 9527 elicited the strongest changes involving the upregulation of 19 KEGG pathways (FDR less then 0.10), followed by Corexit 9500 with the upregulation of seven pathways (FDR less then 0.10). As an important signature, pathways related to a response to DNA damage (e.g., p53 signaling and mismatch repair) dominate those upregulated by Corexit 9527 and Corexit 9500.