The purpose of this paper is to review the pathophysiologic mechanisms, differential diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of the various manifestations of ocular allergy, with an especial focus on IgE-mediated disease. A PubMed search was performed to include articles with the search terms ocular allergy and allergic conjunctivitis. Recent and relevant human studies in the English language pertaining to our topic of study were selected. Animal studies pertaining to pathophysiology of ocular allergy were also reviewed. We focused on clinical trials, practice guidelines, reviews and systematic reviews. Additionally, case reports were reviewed if they described rare clinical presentations, disease mechanisms or novel therapies. Ocular allergy encompasses both IgE as well as non-IgE mediated disease, and the clinical severity may range from mild to sight-threatening inflammation. A comprehensive treatment regimen including education, lifestyle measures, topical therapies and even systemic interventions may be necessary for the effective management of ocular allergies, tailored according to symptom severity. Ocular allergy is frequently encountered by allergists as well as eye-care specialists, and despite progressively increasing incidence, it often remains underdiagnosed and hence untreated.Ocular allergy is frequently encountered by allergists as well as eye-care specialists, and despite progressively increasing incidence, it often remains underdiagnosed and hence untreated.Targeting drug delivery systems is crucial to reducing the side effects of therapy. learn more However, many of them are lacking effectiveness for kidney targeting, due to systemic dispersion and accumulation in the lungs and liver after intravenous administration. Renal artery administration of carriers provides their effective local accumulation but may cause irreversible vessel blockage. Therefore, the combination of the correct administration procedure, suitable drug delivery system, selection of effective and safe dosage is the key to sparing local therapy. Here, we propose the 3-μm sized fluorescent capsules based on poly-L-arginine and dextran sulfate for targeting the kidney via a mice renal artery. Hemodynamic study of the target kidney in combination with the histological analysis reveals a safe dose of microcapsules (20 × 106), which has not lead to irreversible pathological changes in blood flow and kidney tissue, and provides retention of 20.5 ± 3% of the introduced capsules in the renal cortex glomeruli. Efficacy of fluorescent dye localization in the target kidney after intra-arterial administration is 9 times higher than in the opposite kidney and after intravenous injection. After 24 h microcapsules are not observed in the target kidney when the safe dose of carriers is being used but a high level of fluorescent signal persists for 48 h indicating that fluorescent cargo accumulation in tissues. Injection of non-safe microcapsule dose leads to carriers staying in glomeruli for at least 48 h which has consequences of blood flow not being restored and tissue damage being observed in histology. Optical polyp diagnosis using image enhancing endoscopy (IEE) allows for real-time histology prediction of colorectal polyps. The aim of this study was to evaluate a recently introduced IEE modality (Optivista) in a randomized controlled trial. In a prospective cohort of subjects (age 45-80 years) undergoing elective screening, surveillance, or diagnostic colonoscopy all colorectal polyps between 1 to 5 mm underwent IEE assessment. Study subjects were randomized before their colonoscopy procedure to undergo optical polyp diagnosis either using Optivista (OV) IEE or iScan (IS) IEE. A validated IEE scale (NICE classification) was used for optical polyp diagnosis. Primary outcome was the agreement of surveillance intervals determined when using OV IEE compared with IS IEE in reference with pathology-based surveillance intervals. Secondary outcomes included the percentage of surveillance intervals that could be given on the same day as the procedure, percentage of pathology tests avoided, diagnostic performan not.Optical diagnosis using OV IEE and IS both surpassed the 90% benchmark of surveillance interval assignment, and no significant difference with regard to correct surveillance interval assignment was found. OV IEE surpassed the ≥90% NPV for rectosigmoid adenomas whereas IS did not. To search for a set of reference genes for reliable gene expression analysis in the globally important marine coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi-virus model system. Fifteen housekeeping genes (CDKA, CYP15, EFG3, POLAI, RPL30, RPL13, SAMS, COX1, GPB1-2, HSP90, TUA, TUB, UBA1, CAM3 and GAPDH) were evaluated for their stability as potential reference genes for qRT-PCR using ΔCt, geNorm, NormFinder, Bestkeeper and RefFinder software. CDKA, TUA and TUB genes were tested as loading controls for Western blot in the same sample panel. Additionally, target genes associated with cell apoptosis, that is metacaspase genes, were applied to validate the selection of reference genes. The analysis results demonstrated that putative housekeeping genes exhibited significant variations in both mRNA and protein content during virus infection. After a comprehensive analysis with all the algorithms, CDKA and GAPDH were recommended as the most stable reference genes for E huxleyi virus (EhV) infection treatments. For Western blot, significant variation was seen for TUA and TUB, whereas CDKA was stably expressed, consistent with the results of qRT-PCR. CDKA and GAPDH are the best choice for gene and protein expression analysis than the other candidate reference genes under EhV infection conditions. The stable internal control genes identified in this work will help to improve the accuracy and reliability of gene expression analysis and gain insight into complex E. huxleyi-EhV interaction regulatory networks.The stable internal control genes identified in this work will help to improve the accuracy and reliability of gene expression analysis and gain insight into complex E. huxleyi-EhV interaction regulatory networks.