CONCLUSION In brief, autologous CD19/CD22 CAR T cell therapy is feasible and safe and mediates potent anti-leukemic activity in patients with relapsed/refractory B-ALL. Furthermore, the emergence of target antigen loss and expression downregulation highlights the critical need to anticipate antigen escape. Our study demonstrates the reliability of bispecific CD19/CD22 CAR T cell therapy in inducing remission in adult patients with relapsed/refractory B-ALL. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03185494.BACKGROUND Family medicine (FM) is a relatively new discipline in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), still struggling to find its place in the African health systems. The aim of this review was to describe the current status of FM in SSA and to map existing evidence of its strengths, weaknesses, effectiveness and impact, and to identify knowledge gaps. METHODS A scoping review was conducted by systematically searching a wide variety of databases to map the existing evidence. Articles exploring FM as a concept/philosophy, a discipline, and clinical practice in SSA, published in peer-reviewed journals from 2000 onwards and in English language, were included. Included articles were entered in a matrix and then analysed for themes. Findings were presented and validated at a Primafamed network meeting, Gauteng 2018. RESULTS A total of 73 articles matching the criteria were included. FM was first established in South Africa and Nigeria, followed by Ghana, several East African countries and more recently additional Southern clarity of their position in the health system. As FM continues to grow in SSA, we suggest improved government support so that its added value and impact on health systems in terms of health equity and universal health coverage can be meaningfully explored.BACKGROUND Recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) are defined by the presence of at least one of the following criteria (i) > 6 annual respiratory infections (RIs); (ii) > 1 monthly RIs involving the upper airways from September to April; (iii) > 3 annual RIs involving the lower airways represent a very common health problem in the first years of life. We conducted a multi-centre, prospective, single-open study to assess the efficacy and the safety of Streptococcus salivarius 24SMBc and Streptococcus oralis 89a in the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in children. LDN-193189 cost METHODS Ninety-one children (MF = 4744, mean age 7.4 ± 2.3 years) with RRIs were enrolled in the study between September and November 2018. At baseline, children received Streptococcus salivarius 24SMBc and Streptococcus oralis 89a as 2 puffs for nostril twice/day for 7 days/months. The treatment lasted for 3 consecutive months. Efficacy was expressed in terms of absence or presence of fever, cough, bronchospasm, rhinorrhea at that Streptococcus salivarius 24SMBc and Streptococcus oralis 89a treatment is safe and seems to be effective on short-term in the treatment of RRIs. Studies involving a longer observation period are necessary to establish the real efficacy of the product for the treatment of pediatric patients affected by RRIs.BACKGROUND Implementing the health information system (HIS) is more complex and costly than implementing other information systems. The present study was conducted to design and evaluate technical requirements for the HIS. METHODS The present study was conducted in 2016 by determining technical requirements for the HIS using the Delphi technique and then evaluating this system using a checklist based on the approved requirements. RESULTS The first part of the study designed a 73-item final list of technical requirements for the HIS in four domains, i.e. communication service, system architecture, security service and system response time. The evaluation results obtained in the second part showed that communication service was met in 63.8% of the HIS programs, system architecture in 65.5%, security service in 72.4% and system response time in 76.3%. CONCLUSIONS A technical evaluation tool was designed and used to select and evaluate the HIS. The evaluation results suggested the study HIS was poorer in terms of communication service and system architecture than in the other two dimensions.Despite considering vast majority of the transcribed molecules as merely noise RNA in the last decades, recent advances in the field of molecular biology revealed the mysterious role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as a massive part of functional non-protein-coding RNAs. As a crucial lncRNA, HOX antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) has been shown to participate in different processes of normal cell development. Aberrant overexpression of this lncRNA contributes to breast cancer progression, through different molecular mechanisms. In this review, we briefly discuss the structure of HOTAIR in the context of genome and impact of this lncRNA on normal human development. We subsequently summarize the potential role of HOTAIR overexpression on different processes of breast cancer development. Ultimately, the relationship of this lncRNA with different therapeutic approaches is discussed.Cancer immunotherapy has reached a critical point, now that immune checkpoint inhibitors and two CAR-T products have received market approval in treating 16 types of cancers and 1 tissue-agnostic cancer indication. Accompanying these advances, the 2018 Nobel Prize was awarded for the discovery of immune checkpoint pathways, which has led to the revolution of anti-cancer treatments. However, expanding the indications of immuno-oncology agents and overcoming treatment resistance face mounting challenges. Although combination immunotherapy is an obvious strategy to pursue, the fact that there have been more failures than successes in this effort has served as a wake-up call, placing emphasis on the importance of building a solid scientific foundation for the development of next-generation immuno-oncology (IO) agents. The 2019 China Cancer Immunotherapy Workshop was held to discuss the current challenges and opportunities in IO. At this conference, emerging concepts and strategies for IO development were proposed, focusing squarely on correcting the immunological defects in the tumor microenvironment.