re neurotropic than others. Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) are particularly at increased risk for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and related malignancies. Rectal douching, commonly practiced among MSM, has been associated with HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and viral hepatitis in cross-sectional studies. We conducted this study to understand the association between self-reported rectal douching and anal HPV among YMSM in China. Between September 2018 and March 2019, MSM aged 15 to 24 years who ever engaged in receptive anal intercourse over the last 3 months were recruited via community-based organizations and centers for disease control located in 4 cities in China. Participants were asked to complete an online survey. We performed multivariate logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders to examine the association between self-reported rectal douching and anal HPV. Among 273 MSM with a median age of 20 years (interquartile range, 19-21 years) included in this study, 130 (47.6%) practiced rectal douching during the preceding 3 months and 96 (36.2%) were infected with anal HPV. Self-reported rectal douching was found to be associated with increased odds of anal HPV infection (odds ratio, 2.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-3.82) among YMSM, after adjusting for age, sexual debut, sex with alcohol or drugs, and HIV testing history. Self-reported rectal douching is associated with higher odds of anal HPV infection independent of sexual behaviors among YMSM. More prospective studies to ascertain this association are needed. Health education materials should inform men of the potential risk of rectal douching. Research on safer rectal douching procedures is warranted.Self-reported rectal douching is associated with higher odds of anal HPV infection independent of sexual behaviors among YMSM. More prospective studies to ascertain this association are needed. Health education materials should inform men of the potential risk of rectal douching. Research on safer rectal douching procedures is warranted.A case of congenital syphilis due to multiple missed opportunities, highlights the challenges of treating syphilis during pregnancy. While cases are increasing in the United States, congenital syphilis, a disease with devastating consequences, is preventable. Recurrence of bacterial vaginosis (RBV) is a major challenge to effective therapy. Women suffering from intractable and frequent recurrences are ill-served by available treatment options both antimicrobial and use of probiotics. One hundred and five women with RBV failing all recommended regimens seen in clinic were prescribed combination oral nitroimidazole 500mg bid for 7 days and simultaneous boric acid 600mg daily per vagina therapy for 30 days, there after by twice weekly vaginal metronidazole gel for five months in attempt to prevent recurrence and followed by a 6-month observation period. Results reflect standard of clinic care in this uncontrolled retrospective cohort analysis. An initial regimen of nitroimidazole and simultaneous but prolonged vaginal boric acid achieved a satisfactory response (BV cure ≤2 Amsel criteria) in 92/93 available patients. Thereafter a maintenance metronidazole gel prevented symptomatic BV recurrence in 69.6% of compliant patients at 6 months follow up. Long-term cure at a 12-month follow up was demonstrated in almost 69% of women reaching the 6-month observation phase. Vaginal candidiasis frequently complicated prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis requiring frequent antifungal rescue or prophylaxis. Frequent loss to follow-up in this long-term study influenced efficacy evaluation. In the absence of new antimicrobials or proven probiotic regimens, women with recurrent BV may benefit from a prolonged drug intensive antimicrobial regimen incorporating antibiofilm activity until newer measures are available. selleck compound Additional randomized, control studies are needed.In the absence of new antimicrobials or proven probiotic regimens, women with recurrent BV may benefit from a prolonged drug intensive antimicrobial regimen incorporating antibiofilm activity until newer measures are available. Additional randomized, control studies are needed. Men who have sex with men (MSM) experiencing recurrent STIs may play a crucial role in the STI epidemic. However, there is limited understanding of what kind of behaviour leads to recurrent STIs. A total of 179 MSM using PrEP were followed up for 18 months and were screened quarterly for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis from 2015-2018 in Belgium. Participants were stratified into three different groups (no STI; one STI episode; recurrent STI episodes during the study). Socio-demographic and sexual behavioural characteristics were compared between the three groups and significant associations with recurrent STI were explored using multivariate logistic regression models. A total of 62.0% (n=111/179) of participants experienced at least one STI during the study, and more than one in three became reinfected with an STI at another visit (n=66/179; 36.9%). Participants experiencing recurrent STIs reported the highest frequency of sexualized drug use (86.4%) compared to participants experiencing one (60.0%) or no STI (47.1%). Therefore, sexualized drug use was highly associated with recurrent STIs (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.35). Other factors associated with recurrent STIs were being younger than 40 years old (aOR 3.29), had a high number (>4) of non-steady partners with whom receptive (aOR 1.17) or insertive (aOR1.12) condomless anal intercourse occurred in the last three months CONCLUSIONS Sexualised drug use was the greatest risk factor for having recurrent STIs. Tailoring prevention and care, including specialised services tackling problematic drug use in a sexual context, may help to curb the STI epidemic among MSM.4) of non-steady partners with whom receptive (aOR 1.17) or insertive (aOR1.12) condomless anal intercourse occurred in the last three months CONCLUSIONS Sexualised drug use was the greatest risk factor for having recurrent STIs. Tailoring prevention and care, including specialised services tackling problematic drug use in a sexual context, may help to curb the STI epidemic among MSM.